Opaque Epistemic Mediation: How LLM Deployment Configurations Shape the Validation of Pseudo-Science

Commercial large language models are increasingly used as knowledge references, yet their stance on contested scientific claims is neither stable nor transparent.

Commercial large language models are increasingly used as knowledge references, yet their stance on contested scientific claims is neither stable nor transparent. We tested how four major LLM families (Claude, Grok, GPT, Gemini) evaluate ethnonationalist pseudo-science derived…