UrbanGround: From Local Perception to Spatial Agency in a Real-Scale City

Multimodal large language models (MLLMs) can interpret a street view, but urban agency depends on whether such local evidence remains useful after the agent starts to move.

Multimodal large language models (MLLMs) can interpret a street view, but urban agency depends on whether such local evidence remains useful after the agent starts to move. In this paper, we investigate how far current MLLM agents can turn local urban perception into reliable…